2. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

These consolidated financial statements reflect the accounts of the Company and have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for all periods presented. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes that the Company will continue in operation for the foreseeable future and, accordingly, will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of operations as they come due, under the historical cost convention except for certain financial instruments that are measured at fair value, as detailed in the Company’s accounting policies.

Failure to arrange adequate financing on acceptable terms and/or achieve profitability may have an adverse effect on the financial position, results of operations, cash flows and prospects of the Company. These consolidated financial statements do not give effect to adjustments to assets or liabilities that would be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern. Such adjustments could be material.

Functional Currency

The functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. These consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars. All references to “C$” refer to Canadian dollars.

Foreign Currency Translation

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains or losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year end exchange rates are generally recognized in profit or loss. They are deferred in equity if they are attributable to part of the net investment in a foreign operation.

Non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the transaction occurred. Translation differences on assets and liabilities carried at fair value are reported as part of the fair value gain or loss.

The results and financial position of foreign operations (none of which has the currency of a hyperinflationary economy) that have a functional currency different from the Company’s presentation currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows:

On consolidation, exchange differences arising from the translation of any net investment in a subsidiary with a different functional currency are recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in shareholders’ equity. When a subsidiary with a different functional currency is sold, the associated exchange differences are reclassified to profit or loss, as part of the gain or loss on sale.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries, as well as the accounts of any entities over which the Company has a controlling financial interest in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810 Consolidation. All transactions and balances between these entities have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts in the Company's prior period consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company reclassified $4,741 of the Massachusetts Lease Liability (as defined in Note 12 — Massachusetts Lease Liability) previously included in current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 into the Massachusetts lease liability in noncurrent liabilities. See Note 12 — Massachusetts Lease Liability for additional information.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company reclassified $1,034 of inventory valuation adjustments previously included in inventories under net change in working capital adjustments on the consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022 into inventory adjustments. See Note 4 — Inventories for additional information.

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Use of Estimates

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of policies and reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and revenue and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash deposits in financial institutions and other deposits that are readily convertible into cash. The Company deposits cash with financial institutions, and these deposits are guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Company (“FDIC”) up to an insurance limit of $250. At times, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents may exceed federally insured levels.

Restricted Cash

The Company had $1,298 in restricted cash as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022. Included in restricted cash was a certificate of deposit related to Jupiter customs bonds totaling $1,253 as of both December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Trade Receivables

The Company reports trade receivables at their net realizable value, which is management’s best estimate of the cash that will ultimately be received from customers. The Company’s trade receivables are short-term and similar in nature.

The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses based on its assessment of historical information, current economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the allowance for credit losses was $1,171 and $494, respectively.

Loans Receivable

The Company’s loans receivable are held for investment and are reported at amortized cost, net of an allowance for credit losses. Credit losses are measured by the Company on a probability-weighted basis based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Our assessment includes a variety of factors, including underlying credit, relative maturity dates of the loans, economics considerations, as well as ongoing legal and other regulatory developments in the industry. This process includes consideration for the assumed recovery rate from underlying collateral, with adjustments for time value of money and estimated costs for obtaining and selling the collateral. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the allowance for credit losses was $7,902 and $7,237, respectively.

Inventories

Inventories include raw materials, internally produced work in process, finished goods, supplies, accessories, and packaging materials.

Costs incurred during the growing and production process are capitalized as incurred to the extent that cost is less than net realizable value. These costs include materials, labor and manufacturing overhead used in the growing and production processes. The Company capitalizes pre-harvest costs.

Inventories of raw materials, purchased finished goods, supplies, accessories, and packing materials are carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value using the weighted average cost method.

Net realizable value is determined as the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion, disposal and transportation for inventories in process. The Company periodically reviews its inventory and identifies that which is excess, slow moving and obsolete by considering factors such as inventory levels, expected product life and forecasted sales demand. Any identified excess, slow moving and obsolete inventory is written down to its net realizable value through a charge to cost of goods sold. The Company recognized inventory cost adjustments of $7,554 and $1,034 during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consists primarily of prepaid amounts for insurance and other expenses, deposits, and vendor prepayments.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses as applicable. The cost of self-constructed assets includes the cost of materials and direct labor, any other costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to a working condition for the intended use and borrowing costs on qualifying assets. During their construction, items of property, plant and equipment are classified as construction in progress. When the asset is available for use, it is transferred from construction in progress to the appropriate category of property, plant and equipment and depreciation on the item commences. No such assets were held by the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Subsequently after deployment to their intended use, these items are reclassified to the appropriate category of property, plant and equipment.

Depreciation of property, plant and equipment is dependent upon estimates of useful lives which are determined through the exercise of judgment. Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives:

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Leases

The Company maintains operating and finance leases primarily for manufacturing facilities, retail facilities, corporate offices, and certain equipment and storage.

The Company applies ASC Topic 842, Leases (“Topic 842”). Topic 842 requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for substantially all leases, except for short-term leases. Leases are classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the statement of operations.

New contracts are analyzed to determine whether they include leased assets; such leases are referred to as embedded leases. When evaluating contracts for embedded leases, the Company exercises judgment to determine if there is an explicitly or implicitly identified asset in the contract and if the Company controls the use of that asset.

The Company’s accounting policy treats leases with an initial term of 12 months or less as short-term leases. Lease expense for short-term lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Because most of the leases do not include an implicit discount rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to calculate the present value of lease payments. As a practical expedient, the Company has elected not to separate lease components (e.g. payments for rent, real estate taxes and insurance costs) from non-lease components (e.g. common-area maintenance costs). As a result, if the non-lease components are fixed, they are included when calculating the ROU asset and related lease liability. See Note 13 — Leases for additional information.

Investments

The Company held an investment in a marketable equity security with a readily determinable fair value, and the Company applies ASC 321, Investments—Equity Securities (“Topic 321”). The marketable security investment is carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in unrealized loss on investment on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The Company held investments in privately held cannabis companies where the Company does not exercise significant influence, and therefore Topic 321 applies. Readily determinable fair values were not available, and the Company elected to apply the measurement alternative where the investments are initially recorded at cost and are remeasured at fair value upon impairment or observable transaction prices, which is evaluated quarterly.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are recorded at cost, less accumulated amortization and impairment losses, if any. Intangible assets acquired in a business combination are measured at fair value at the acquisition date. Amortization is recorded on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which do not exceed the contractual period, if any, over the following terms:

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Intangible assets that have indefinite useful lives are not subject to amortization and are tested annually for impairment, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that they might be impaired. The estimated useful lives, residual values and amortization methods are reviewed at each year-end, and any changes in estimates are accounted for prospectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $4,916 and $11,351 in impairment charges related to intangible assets, respectively.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. If events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset group may not be recoverable, the Company compares the carrying amount of an asset group to future undiscounted net cash flows, excluding interest costs, expected to be generated by the asset group and their ultimate disposition. If the sum of the undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds the fair value of the asset group. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not recognize impairments of long-lived assets.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price paid for the acquisition of a business over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill is either assigned to a specific reporting unit or allocated between reporting units based on the relative fair value of each reporting unit. Goodwill is not subject to amortization and is tested annually for impairment, or more frequently if there is any indication of impairment.

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually and whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill has been impaired. In order to determine the value of goodwill that may have been impaired, the Company performs a qualitative assessment to determine that it was more likely than not if the reporting unit’s carrying value is less than the fair value, indicating the potential for goodwill impairment. Several factors, including historical results, business plan, forecasts and market data are used to determine the fair value of the reporting unit. Changes in the conditions for these judgements and estimates can significantly affect the assessed value of goodwill. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $3,030 and $49,794, respectively, in impairment charges related to goodwill.

Income Taxes

The Company uses the asset and liability method to account for income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on enacted tax rates and laws for the years in which the deferred income taxes are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

As the Company operates in the cannabis industry, it is subject to the limits of Section 280E of the Internal Revenue Code (the “IRC”) under which the Company is only allowed to deduct expenses directly related to the cost of producing the products or cost of production.

According to the authoritative guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes, we may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position should be measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. This guidance also addresses de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties on income taxes, accounting in interim periods and disclosure requirements for uncertain tax positions.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized by the Company in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”). The Company recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods.

The Company applies the following five (5) steps:

Revenue represents the amount the Company expects to receive for goods in its contracts with customers, net of discounts and sales taxes. The Company’s revenue is derived from the following:

Wholesale of Goods – Vaporization and Inhalation Devices

Revenue is recognized from wholesale goods when the Company transfers control to the customer and satisfies its performance obligations, which typically occurs upon shipment.

Direct Sale of Goods – Cannabis

Revenue from the direct sale of goods is recognized when the Company transfers control of the goods to the customer and satisfies its performance obligations, which occurs at the point of sale at the dispensary.

Shipping and handling costs, if applicable, are included in cost of goods sold in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Contract assets represent the right to receive payment for goods and services that have been transferred to the customer conditional upon something other than the passage of time. Deferred revenues include obligations to provide goods and services for which payment has been received. There are no contract assets on unsatisfied performance obligations as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The consolidated balance sheets include deferred revenue of $6,083 and $5,760 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for advance consideration received from wholesale customers for the sale of vaporization and inhalation devices through Jupiter.

Share-Based Payments

The Company has a stock and incentive plan whereby awards are granted to certain employees, management, directors, and consultants. The fair value of the share options, performance stock units (“PSU”) and restricted stock units (“RSU”) granted by the Company are recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the applicable vesting period, which varies based on the grant and vest dates assigned to individual awards. The fair value of the share options is measured using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, and the fair value of the PSUs and RSUs are measured using intrinsic value, as of the grant date. Forfeitures are estimated based on historical experience and expense related to awards, and the estimate is adjusted over the term of the awards to reflect their probability of vesting. All fully vested awards are fully expensed.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold represents costs directly related to manufacturing and distribution of the Company’s products. Primary costs include raw materials, packaging, direct labor, overhead, shipping and handling, the depreciation of certain property, plant and equipment, and tariffs. Manufacturing overhead and related expenses include salaries, wages, employee benefits, utilities, maintenance, and property taxes. Cost of goods sold also includes inventory valuation adjustments. The Company recognizes the cost of goods sold as the associated revenues are recognized.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs were $1,163 and $2,450 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These costs are expensed as incurred and are included in sales and marketing expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Non-controlling Interest

Non-controlling interests (“NCI”) represent equity interests in subsidiaries owned by outside parties. NCI is initially measured at the NCI’s proportionate share of the recognized amounts of the acquiree's identifiable net assets. Changes in the Company’s interest in a subsidiary that do not result in a loss of control are accounted for as equity transactions. The share of net assets attributable to the NCI is presented as a component of equity on the consolidated balance sheets, and the NCI's share of net income or loss is recognized directly in the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity. The Company had one NCI in CGSF prior to the CGSF/SFNY Divestiture.

Income (Loss) Per Share

The Company presents basic and diluted income (loss) per share data for its common shares. Basic income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing the net income or loss attributable to common shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted income (loss) per share is determined by adjusting the profit or loss attributable to common shareholders and the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential common shares.

Warrants

The Company accounts for the issuance of common share purchase warrants issued in connection with equity offerings in accordance with the provisions of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“Topic 815”). The Company accounted for certain common share warrants outstanding as a liability at fair value and adjusts the instruments to fair value at each reporting date. This liability is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date until exercised, and any change in fair value is recognized in other (expense) income on its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Significant Accounting Judgments and Estimates

The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of policies and reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and revenue and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates. The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period or in the period of the revision and future periods if the review affects both current and future periods. Significant judgments and estimates that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements are described below.

Estimated Useful Lives and Depreciation of Property, Plant and Equipment and Intangible assets

Depreciation and amortization of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets is dependent upon estimates of useful lives which are determined through the exercise of judgment. The assessment of any impairment of these assets is dependent upon estimates of recoverable amounts that take into account factors such as economic and market conditions and the useful lives of assets.

Measurement of Share-Based Payments

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of equity-settled share-based payments. In estimating fair value, management is required to make certain assumptions and estimates such as the expected life of units, volatility of the Company’s future share price, risk free rates, future dividend yields and estimated forfeitures at the initial grant date. Changes in assumptions used to estimate fair value could result in materially different results.

Impairment of Other Long-lived Assets

The assessment of any impairment of other long-lived assets is dependent upon estimates of recoverable amounts that take into account factors such as economic and market conditions, the useful lives of assets and estimates used to measure impairment losses. The recoverable value of these assets is determined using present value techniques, which incorporate assumptions regarding future events, specifically future cash flows, growth rates and discount rates.

Goodwill and Indefinite Life Intangible Asset Impairment

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of goodwill may have been impaired. In order to determine that the value of goodwill may have been impaired, the Company performs a qualitative assessment to determine that it was more-likely- than-not if the reporting unit’s carrying value is less than the fair value, indicating the potential for goodwill impairment. A number of factors, including historical results, business plans, forecasts and market data are used to determine the fair value of the reporting unit. Changes in the conditions for these judgments and estimates can significantly affect the assessed value of goodwill.

Deferred Tax Assets

Deferred tax assets, including those arising from tax loss carry-forwards, require management to assess the likelihood that the Company will generate sufficient taxable earnings in future periods in order to utilize recognized deferred tax assets. The Company provides a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to utilize the existing deferred tax assets.

Recently Adopted and Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recent accounting pronouncements, other than those below, issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and the SEC did not or are not believed by management to have a material effect on the Company’s present or future financial statements.

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Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

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In November 2023, the FASB issued accounting standards update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which improves reportable segment disclosure requirements. These improvements include enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, the CODM’s title and position, the measures the CODM uses to measure segment profit or loss, and how the CODM uses those measures. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning December 15, 2024 with early adoption permitted. The Company expects to adopt this standard on January 1, 2024 and does not anticipate any impact on its financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU requires public companies to annually disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold, certain information about income taxes paid, and certain information disaggregated between federal, state, and/or domestic, and foreign. This guidance is effective for public business entities after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company expects to adopt this standard on January 1, 2025 and does not anticipate any impact to its financial statements.