17.     Income Taxes

The Company is treated as a U.S. corporation under Section 7874 of the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) and is expected to be subject to U.S. federal, state and local income tax. However, the Company is expected, regardless of any application of Section 7874 of the U.S. tax code, to be treated as a Canadian resident Company for Canadian income tax purposes. Due to the organizational structure and multinational operations, the Company is subject to taxation in U.S. federal, state and local and Canadian jurisdictions.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, income tax expense consisted of:

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As the Company operates in the cannabis industry, it is subject to the limitations of IRC Section 280E. This results in permanent differences for ordinary and necessary business expenses deemed non-allowable under IRC Section 280E for income tax purposes. Therefore, the effective tax rate can be highly variable and may not necessarily correlate with pre-tax income or loss.

A reconciliation of the U.S. statutory income tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate consists of the following:

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The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740 — Income Taxes, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based upon anticipated future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying values of assets and liabilities and the respective tax bases.

Deferred taxes are provided using an asset and liability method whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on the rates enacted for the period they are expected to reverse. Temporary differences are the differences between financial statement carrying values of assets and liabilities and the respective tax bases. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax law or tax rates is recognized in income in the period that enactment occurs.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the components of deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

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Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company assessed all positive and negative evidence including the four sources of income to determine if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to use the existing deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is maintained as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 in the amount of $34,230 and $29,368, respectively. The valuation allowance increased during 2022 by $4,862.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had a U.S. federal net operating loss carryforward of approximately $37,671, U.S. state and local net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $44,825, and a Canadian net operating loss carryforward of approximately $51,240. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company had a U.S. federal net operating loss carryforward of approximately $38,459, U.S. state and local net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $28,327, and a Canadian net operating loss carryforward of approximately $43,722. The U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards are not subject to expiration. A portion of the U.S. state and local net operating loss carryforwards are subject to expiration from 2027 through 2041. A portion of the U.S. state and local net operating loss carryforwards are not subject to expiration. The Canadian net operating loss carryforwards are subject to expiration between 2038 to 2041.

For both of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had a U.S. federal capital loss carryforward of approximately $31,971 and a U.S. state and local capital loss carryforward of approximately $18,968, which will expire in 2025 if unused. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the capital loss carryforwards are not more likely than not of being realized.

The Company’s U.S. income tax attributes are potentially subject to annual limitations resulting from equity shifts that constitute an ownership change as defined by IRC Section 382. Any potential annual limitations resulting from an equity shift that constitutes an ownership change under IRC Section 382 could result in additional limitation of the realization of U.S. federal, state and local income tax attributes.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company has not recorded any unrecognized tax benefits and has not reduced any net operating loss carryforwards for an unrecognized tax benefit. The Company did not record any interest expense for penalties and interest associated with uncertain tax positions for 2022 or 2021.